The Issue Of Gun Ownership - 1529 Words

As time has progressed, the issue of gun ownership has become more and more of a debate. With the development of new technology that can lead to devastating destruction, it is extremely difficult to overlook the harm that this weaponry could ensue on the safety of our nation. As stated in the second amendment of the constitution of the United States, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† The framers, however, could never have known the potential for destruction that our present weaponry can cause. So, the question to this day has been, to what degree should the infringement of our right to bear arms be prevented? There are many different possible answers to this question, however, to me, only one†¦show more content†¦However, banning these weapons will not end this conflict as a whole. This question cannot be answered as black and white as people want it to, because technology is constantly developing, thus changing the ar ms that people may have in the future. In the same way that the framers could never have anticipated the current day weaponry, we could never anticipate the weaponry that may be developed one hundred years from now. For example, theoretically, if the United States were to ban the use of any automatic weapons, some problems may be halted for now. However, if in fifty years from now, a new form of weaponry that can fire nuclear missiles from a handgun is released, this problem will simply restart again because now more restrictions have to be put in place. However, by giving the government the ability to halt the civilian exposure to these weapons in the first place, similar problems will not occur because the weaponry will never fall in civilian hands. Other people seem to uphold the opinion that the right to bear arms is outdated and we should get rid of the amendment completely in order to ensure that everyone is safe. Their belief is that you should not have to stop a â€Å" bad person† with a gun by risking a â€Å"good person† with a gun. They think that if nobody were to own guns in the first place, there would never be problems at all. However, this argument is not completely logical for a number of reasons. First of

The American Soldier An Autobiography - 1746 Words

The American Soldier: An Autobiography Hello, my name is James Collier. It has been 2 years since the end of the war and I’d like to tell my story from beginning to end about the hardships that I endured throughout my career. I would hope that someone, someday can find use for these stories. My story begins late September, early November of the year 1942. I am a 19 year old boy from Fort Worth, Texas working for my father’s business which paid well, plus I got to learn some things that’ll help me own it someday. Anyway, at the time I was acutely aware of the conflicts going on overseas with the Nazi party invading the Soviet Union and I also knew that they were apart of the â€Å"allies†, see the war was a war between the Axis powers and the†¦show more content†¦I knew this because already, a couple of my close friends had already been chosen, but I wasn’t chosen until around November of 1943. At this time the U.S. had already been in the w ar for a couple years so I came in hoping that I wouldn’t have to been in combat for too long, and that the war would end soon. After the war it was found that about 10 million men were inducted into the armed forces because of the draft. A lot of men were disqualified due to educational issues or physical impairments. But, as for me, I was a healthy young teenager that has been working for all my life, so I was a perfect fit for the armed forces. Before being deployed I was put through something called ASTP or Army Specialized Training Program. This was a military training program instituted by the United States Army during World War II to meet wartime demands both for junior officers and soldiers with technical skills (Ball State University). It was fast paced training system that basically took a four year program and crammed it all into a 18 month program to quickly create wartime ready recruits. It was a bunch of basic training that attempted to toughen, and sharpen us u p to defend our country, but I don’t think even the standard four year program could have prepared us for what was coming. It is now about January 1944, I am within the 116th Infantry Division (history.army.mil), and it was at this time that Gen. Dwight Eisenhower was appointed

Business Law Organize Business Development

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Organize Business Development. Answer: 1. Is there any enforceable contract between Samantha and Julie? The law of contract is defined as an agreement between two entities with the promise of providing some services or good to be rendered in specific time frame. The concept of contract is powered by the concept of offer and acceptance. The contract may be in the form of verbal or written form which enforces the bindings between the two parties to ensure offer and subsequent acceptance[1]. In this case Samantha had offered to make arrangements for some food stuff for her program of drama to Julie who was her student and had her provision to cater such food stuffs for the specified program. Although Julie had urged to place the order in her face book page from where she receives the order and cater, Samantha had texted her with the order with the negotiated price for the items. And the offer of Samantha was being acknowledged by Julie. Hence it is an enforceable contract which is there to bind Julie to send the foodstuffs to the drama venue is stipulated date and time. To ensure a contract enforceable, there are certain criteria like a) specific detailed offer for the product or service, b) acceptance of the offer by the second party or executor, c) the exchange value in consideration either in money or in kind to be exchanged between the two parties, d) capacity of the two parties so far age and mentality is concerned, e) there must be clear intention of both the parties to carry out the agreement, f) and the object of the contract which is derived through the legality of the enforced terms and conditions. A contract is becoming enforceable by law with the willingness of the two parties who agree to enter into an agreement, either in the forms of verbal or written with the exchange of value in cash or in kind and both parties are with sound mental condition with the intention to go for keeping the promise which is legal and not unlawful[2]. All these above factors are prevailing in this case and thus this is proved to be a enforceable contract between Samantha and Julie. In this case the offer had been made by Samantha and the subsequent acceptance had been made by Julie. The date, time and quantity are fixed for the deliverance of the products along with the quality of the products. The value of exchange in the form of price of the products are also being mentioned and agreed by the two parties. The agreement is to supply cakes and sandwiches for 100 people who will come to enjoy the drama organised by Samantha at the rate of $5 per person and the total value of the order had been fixed as $ 500. As the offer of Samantha had been accepted by her student Julie for the above conditions, this agreement is to be considered as contract enforceable by law. 2. Assuming there is an enforceable contract between Julie and Samantha, does Samantha need to pay $ 100 to Julies mother, Martha? The said question occurs due to some unwanted situation which had taken place due to some misbehaviour of Julie who had utilised the raw materials for the supply of the order from the kitchen inventory of her house and had not paid her mother for the value of those ingredients from the value of sales proceeds received by her. The agreement between Samantha and Julie was only to ensure that Julie will deliver some foodstuffs to the organizer of the drama show for which Samantha was the chief coordinator in exchange of value of money to the volume of $500. In the contract nowhere it was mentioned that Samantha had any liability towards procurement of raw materials neither she was concerned about from where Julie will procure the raw materials. Hence the claim of Martha for $ 100 from Samantha is not legitimate as she was not any party to the enforceable contract and it is entirely between her and her daughter Julie to negotiate the matter[3]. This situation arose as Julie had procured the ingredients from the kitchen inventories to serve her order of 100 packs of cakes and sandwiches and Martha was not aware of this. As Julie had declined to pay the cost of the ingredients to Martha worth $ 100, she had appealed to Samantha to pay the money from the payable to Julie which may be done with the consent of Julie only. There is no such compulsion on the part of Samantha to pay Martha from the money to be paid to Julie and thus this enforceable contract cant force Martha to claim the said amount from Samantha. 3. Is Promissory Estoppel relevant to Samanthas dispute with Dave from Outrageous Costumes? The situation had been raised with the issue of dress for the drama. As Samantha had to organise everything of her own, she had tried to find the specific dress with the special features of blue and silver. She had gone through internet and found the firm Outrageous Costumes, who, under the management of Dave could be able to deliver the dresses. When she had contacted Dave for the dresses, he had told that the dress will be costlier as the specific features of blue and silver in the dress will attract more value. Samantha had told him to go ahead with the price tag of the dresses and urged that the same is to be delivered within the specific time frame. Dave had accepted the offer and confirmed her about timely delivery of the dress through voice message due to unattended call by Samantha. While Samantha had got the offer from one of the parents about the dress for free, she had ignored the message of Dave. Two days prior to the drama, when Samantha called Dave to inform him that she did not need the dresses anymore, Dave got frustrated because she had already reached the finals stage of the dress making with his investment of money effort and time on the basis of promise made by Samantha. The question of promissory estoppel[4] arises here as Samantha, a party to the contract had not kept her promise and can be sued by Dave although there is no written agreement was there about the contract. the same can be justified through the occurrence of Bernie Blowhard and Arthur Artist case when Blowhard had promised to Arthur to share the profit of his movie making if Arthur would paint the scenery of the background. When the movie had not clicked and miserably failed, Blowhard had declined the value of the effort of Arthur and subsequently had been sued by Arthur for breach of contract due to promissory estoppel. The court had ordered in favour of Arthur and instructed Blowhard to pay him his value for effort economically. So non compliance of promise on the part of Samantha with Dave related to dresses can be forwarded to court for promissory estoppels and Samantha will be liable for compensation to Dave for his effort, time and money invested for this purpose. 4. Is will entitled to get two tickets for helping set up for the school play? The offer of two free tickets made by Samantha was for parents who will assist her in organizing the drama with their physical presence at 12 pm. The number of the beneficiaries is limited to first ten of the parents. Although Will has turned up as one of the ten first assists who reached before 12 pm, his status was not of parents but was of elder brother of one of the performer of the drama. Although he had taken part in active way to help setting up the stage for the drama, logically he is not eligible for the two free tickets to be offered by Samantha to the parents[5]. But with the gestural approach, the tickets may be offered to Will to recognize his effort towards set up of stage which is required by the organizer for proper staging of the drama. The offer was restricted to the parents of the students through e-mail which had been accessed by Will as an unauthorised user. So there does not arise any such compulsion for Samantha to provide him two free tickets although he had met other conditions of the contract like appearing by 12 pm, being one of the first ten aspirant participators and assisted to set up the stage for the dram with his active role. It is more on gestural value than on the conditions of contract.

The background of the study free essay sample

Background of the Study The New Tulana Waterworks Association started as an organization of the residence and councilors of Brgy. Tugtug in the Municipality of San Jose Batangas. At that time, water was expensive and the distributing system of it was very hard. But its founder, Mr. Ernesto Patron, came up with the idea of having an association that will help in organizing the water distributing system as well as its cleanliness. Every waterworks association’s mission is to render a safe, clean and satisfying service to its clients by improving facilities and equipment and adopting system for convenience and efficiency. Additionally, the association gives emphasis on the utilization of available resources like manpower, machine, money and methods that will provide them greater output. New Tulana Waterworks Association offers safe and clean water for the residents of the barangay. As technology evolves, such system must be involved in this evolution. The manual process of paying bills and fees in the association is one area where the evolution and changes are greatly needed. We will write a custom essay sample on The background of the study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, when it comes to managing and monitoring bills and payment records being held by Mr. Ernesto Patron, manual processes are still being used. They are still using manual system; pen and paper for transactions and steel cabinets for keeping clients payment records. The need for a system to computerize certain manual activities such as water billing system is reflected by the growing popularity of the barangay to its incoming clients and eventually by increasing number of customers who need much of their services. The researchers believe that the best answer to this is to improve a billing system so that it can reduce paper clutter and help save time and effort when it comes to handling a billing and payment record. Company’s Current Situation Currently, New Tulana Waterworks Association does not have a proper electronic and automated system to monitor the billing and payment records of their customers. They still use the paper-based manual system to record and monitor the billing history of a customer. Statement of the Problem The study was designed primarily to develop a computerized water billing system of New Tulana Waterworks Association to replace the existing manual system. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. Can the new system help in improving and reorganizing the billing and payment records of New Tulana Waterworks Association? 2. Can the new computerized water billing system provide security for the payment records of the customer? 3. Can the new system ensure its accuracy and efficiency in computerized water billing system? Purpose of the Study This study aims to develop a computerized water billing system of New Tulana Waterworks Association. It will help the association easily provide complete information of the customer, maintain and monitor the payment records, prevent deterioration and loss of billing records such as payment records manual. It aims to reduce human errors and eliminate chances of misplacing records. The system will provide a user-friendly and easy process of storing and editing customers’ billing information then enlisting them according to their number issued by the association. It could give an efficient and stress-free service to the user. If the results proved to be significant, association authorities and the proponents will have a good reason for using this system and having it implemented at the said association. Through this system, the staff will have a better view of billing records of the customer. The system will help ensure the orderliness of payment records in New Tulana Waterworks Association. Due to a large number of possible customers for every end of the month, it is a great deal for the staff of the said system in ensuring that all the data that will be gathered are systematically documented. One of the most important features of the system is that it is designed with auto-generated receipt system and security with passwords that will ensure data security when storing and editing customers’ files. Only the staff has the direct access to the files. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to design and develop an Automated Water Billing System with SMS of Brgy. Tugtug San Jose Batangas that would serve as proposal to provide New Tulana Waterworks Association easier, faster, secured and more organized information list for customers billing records. Specific Objectives Specifically, the study aims the following: 1. To identify the manual system. 2. To develop a system that will: 3. 1 provide fast and reliable access of information; 3. 2 provide a user – friendly environment; and 3. Update the manual report 4. To prove that the proposed system is technically, operationally and economically feasible. Hypothesis of the Study By clearly defining the objectives of the study and through analytical thinking, the designers came up with the following: Ho: There is a significant difference between the proposed and the existing system of New Tulana Waterworks Association water billing system inaccuracy and reliability, security and functionality of the system and consistent billing record monitoring. Ha: There is no significant difference between the proposed and the existing system of New Tulana Waterworks Association water billing system inaccuracy and reliability, security and functionality of the system and consistent billing record monitoring. Scope and Delimitation and Limitations of the Study The scope of this study covered the system that dealt mainly with computerized water billing system. The study was intended exclusively for New Tulana Waterworks Association. The system updated the billing system of the customer wherein one can add, edit, clear and save billing information. An authorized person can only access the system. Specifically, only the staff can access the system to spread the spread of information of the customers. The system help lessen the burden of manipulating and generating reports manually. It can help to produce a maintainable and manageable system. On the other hand, the study was limited only to software development of New Tulana Waterworks Association water billing system. The system include the printing of records. Definition of Terms This section presents operational and conceptual definition of unfamiliar technical terms use in the study. Computerize. To enter, process, or store (information) in a computer or system of computers. In this study, this means to switch from manual operation to computers. Database. It is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. A collection of related data that support shared access by multiple users and application. Management. Management is the organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives. It is an organized approach to the study of the information needs of an organizations management at every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decision. System. A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. It is a group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task. Visual Basic. A window-based programming language used in making the system. It is designed to make software development easy and efficient, while still being powerful enough to create advanced programs. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents related studies and literature that were gathered through the intensive research of the designers. The related studies and literature were also used as the foundation of the proposed system and as a standard for the software product to better attain its desired quality and efficiency. Related Literature As stated in billing dictionary, a billing system is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records payments made to customer accounts. CUSI Utility Billing Solutions as one of the trusted in the utility billing services industry said that one of the most critical tools for a successful utility company is having an efficient, yet effective water billing system. They also added that water billing software helps utility companies to be more efficient in their overall billing processes, while helping them to boost productivity. New water billing technologies help utilities automate internal billing processes into a simple, effective, and easy to use system Maynilad Water Services, Inc. has an Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) System that is designed to give Maynilad Key Accounts (large, corporate accounts) access to the same information Maynilad teams use for billing purposes. Like the Automated Water Billing System with SMS of Brgy. Tugtug San Jose Batangas, water billing system of www. webgeekresources. com is a big help for the company to provide fast and easiest way of accommodating their clients or customers. The system is also capable of adding, updating and deleting of clients’ information. It has a disconnection and connection module. The system also provides billing receipts to the clients. Related Studies The thesis entitled Computerized Water Billing System for Tingga Itaas Rural Works and Sanitation Associationâ€Å"by Alcantara, Bienna Jeramie G; et. al. (2009) is related to the present study because it designed a system that provides a billing and collection mechanism for a water billing company. It improved and shorter the time consumed by the personnel to do different transactions and reports generation of the said organization. The project developed a database and designed a user application that will improved effective and efficient system of recording, storing and retrieval of information as well as faster and more accurate system for water bill calculations. It seeks to offer an effective solution by creating and customizing the computerized system that will speed up its process. The study of Gerrette Bautista and Jheelan Ocon (2009) Mabini CATV Subscription and Billing System is also related to the present study because it dealt with the billing system. It is a system that minimized the time used by the subscribers in paying of their monthly bills. They both used database as a medium for data storage. They both aimed eliminate a lot of paperwork’s and there would be fast updated records. However, they differed in the subject of the study. The previous study is a CATV billing system while the present study is for a water works association. Theoretical Framework of the Study Figure 2. 1 Computerized Billing System Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework of the Study The proposed study has a unique concept. Therefore, it’s based on the ideas and knowledge of the researchers. Three major operations comprise the framework from which the study was undertaken. The study used the framework of operations more popularly known as the IPO or the Input, Process and Output of research. Figure 1 shows the project architecture. The proposed system was planned into an IPO chart to picture the relationship and the flow of data on the development of stages of the project. In the process of gathering the need information for this project, the proponents will use published and unpublished books and various online resources as guide through a progressive research until the proposed study was complete. These materials also helped the proponents to create new concepts and ways to expand their ideas as the project progressed. The programming language used in the study was Visual Studio 2010. The data were arranged together, processed and thus, forming the computerized billing system for the said association. The study focuses on input, process and output of the system. Figure 2. 1: Conceptual Paradigm for Automated Water Billing System with SMS of Brgy. Tugtug San Jose Batangas The conceptual paradigm of the â€Å"Automated Water Billing System with SMS of Brgy. Tugtug San Jose Batangas† shows the input, processes, and output of the proposed system. In creating this computerized billing system of New Tulana Waterworks Association, the researchers made use of Microsoft Visual Basic 10. 0 as the main programming language. The database included in the system was handled through the use of Microsoft Access 2007. The staff of the said association was interviewed to derive the actual content data of the system. Aside from that, books were consulted to assist the researchers in the actual development of the system. The development basically followed the waterfall method. Other sources of data where were obtained through questionnaires and through internet. The input was the development of the Automated Water Billing System with SMS of Brgy. Tugtug San Jose Batangas. Significance of the Study Educational Significance The proponents have put their skills and knowledge into use. For the future researchers, this system can serve as a basis of an improved system and can be a source of vital information that can help their research. Economic Significance It will help the association provide complete information of the customer, maintain and monitor the payment records, prevent deterioration and loss of billing records such as payment records manual, reduces errors and eliminate missing/ required records. The staffs, instead of manual billing records, they will can add, edit and save new records of customers, and to be always updated of the billing records. It save a lot of time for staff in searching billing records of customers. This will save time and effort. Technological Significance As technology grows fast, certain advancements are being developed now a days and life is getting even better to live with. It makes every task as easy as possible and nothing seems too tiring if human tasks are aided with technology. It can be applied in any aspects of life; on medicines, sciences, military, and entertainment and even in the fields of education as a tool for advance learning. The computerized billing system this system makes easy for the staff to keep a record and check on the billing record just by a click of the mouse, thus making the work easily efficient, reliable and stress-free. Overview of the Software The system serves as a billing system of customer that is set up as a computerized database. It can complete information of the customers in terms of billing records. A computerized billing system reduces the time and effort in writing down in record book. Rather manual transaction. System Type and Functional Requirements The system has a database that contains the person’s information Records Inquiry (per customer Archiving Restoration CHAPTER III THE ANALYSIS PHASE This chapter presents the analysis phase which includes the methods of research used, data gathering instruments, the analytical tools implied and the methods used in developing the system, justification of the method used and methods used for product evaluation. These research methods help the researchers to systematically design and develop the software. Methods of Research The researchers made use of different methods of research that is important for this type of study and development. Descriptive Method The researchers have gathered data in conducting the research about water billing system and analyzed the need of such system for New Tulana Waterworks Association. Currently, the association uses a paper based manual system which gives them a hard time monitoring and keeping the records of the customers. The gathered data would help the researchers in conducting thorough analysis on the requirement of the system. The researchers will try to find out if such system will be useful for the associations and would it be accepted. Data Gathering Instrument These are varieties of research that supports data gathering. It is essential for the researcher to collect as much possible reliable information needed for the development of the proposed system. In order to gather vital and reliable information, the proponents conducted an informal interview with the staff of New Tulana Waterworks Association. Observation The researchers had observed that the New Tulana Waterworks Association has no proper system in Billing Record; they still use the paper-based manual system. It is essential for a association to have a system that will monitor and keep records of billing of the customers. Analytical Tools Analytical tools helps the researchers to design and develop a system in a more systematic way, as it gives a defined approach to each step of the development process. By using analytical tools the researcher will be able to analyze the existing and the proposed system in detail. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) The DFD shows the data process of the entire system. The diagram consists of entity, flow of data, process and data storage. Visual Table of Contents VTOC chart provides a map that helps to locate the program module within the system. Program Flowchart It is a formalized graphic representation of a logic sequence, work or manufacturing process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure. It is a diagram that describes a process or operation. Methods Used in Developing the Capstone Project Evolutionary Prototyping Analysis The researchers come up with the idea of creating water billing system that will be used in the New Tulana Waterworks Association to have a better management of billing record of Customer. Specification . The software applications and the required specifications should adhere to the building process. Design The researchers considered the customers and the staffs in designing the system; the design, pictures, font and system layout must suit their taste. Implementation The researchers check the system for technical accuracy and completeness; verify the implements in the planned design. Testing The researchers tested the system to ensure the functionality and perform the task expected from it correctly. Evaluation After the test, the researchers can be able to determine the significance and merit of the system in performance, control, usability, security, software, hardware and in economy. Justification of the Method Use The evolutionary approach aims to develop a mature system through a series of prototype iterations. The prototype will undergo a series of refinements, and should eventually become the solution. This can be likened to the first draft, second draft, third draft final version. This approach is particularly useful when the exact requirements of the solution cannot be set out in advance, or are considered to be vague. The client and/or end-users can become closely involved the development, playing a key role as each iteration moves further from prototype and closer to a useable solution that does what it is needed to do, and does it well. The evolutionary prototyping was utilized in the development of the proposed system, the main goal when using Evolutionary Prototyping is to build a very robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refine it. The reason for this is that the evolutionary prototype, when built, forms the heart of the new system, and the improvements and further requirements will be built. This technique allows the development team to add and make changes. For a system to be useful, it must evolve through use in its intended operational environment. A system is never done; it is always maturing. Methods used for Product Evaluation Three types of feasibility tested were conducted by the researchers during this project, which are as follows: Technical Feasibility The designed system provides technical solution to the existing problems that are encountered by the current manual system. Operational Feasibility The designed system is feasible due to its simple to use functions and approach Economic Feasibility The system being developed is economic with respect to the association’s point of view. It is cost effective in the sense that has eliminated paper works completely.

What Are Thalassemias Essays

What Are Thalassemias Essays What Are Thalassemias Essay What Are Thalassemias Essay Thalassemias (thal of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia The picture shows one example of how alpha thalassemia is inherited.The alpha globin genes are located on chromosome 16. A child inherits four alpha globin genes (two from each parent). In this example, the father is missing two alpha globin genes and the mother is missing one alpha globin gene. Each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two missing genes and two normal genes (thalassemia trait), three missing genes and one normal gene (hemoglobin H disease), four normal genes (no anemia), or one missing gene and three normal genes (silent carrier). Beta Thalassemias You need two genes (one from each parent) to make enough beta globin protein chains.If one or both of these genes are altered, youll have beta thalassemia. This means that your body won’t make enough beta globin protein. * If you have one altered gene, youre a carrier. This condition is called beta thalassemia trait or beta thalassemia minor. It causes mild anemia. * If both genes are altered, youll have beta thalassemia intermedia or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooleys anemia). The intermedia form of the disorder causes moderate anemia. The major form causes severe anemia. Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta ThalassemiaThe picture shows one example of how beta thalassemia is inherited. The beta globin gene is located on chromosome 11. A child inherits two beta globin genes (one from each parent). In this example, each parent has one altered beta globin gene. Each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two normal genes (no anemia), a 50 percent chance of inheriting one altered gene and one normal gene (beta thalassemia trait), or a 25 percent chance of inheriting two altered genes (beta thalassemia major). Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? Family history and ancestry are the two risk factors for thalassemias.Family History Thalassemias are inherited- that is, the genes for the disorders are passed from parents to their children. If your parents have missing or altered hemoglobin-making genes, you may have thalassemia. Ancestry Thalassemias occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias? A lack of oxygen in the bloodstream causes the signs and symptoms of thalassemias. The lack of oxygen occurs because the body doesnt make enough healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin.The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder. No Symptoms Alpha thalassemia silent carriers generally have no signs or symptoms of the disorder. The lack of alpha globin protein is so minor that the bodys hemoglobin works normally. Mild Anemia People who have alpha or beta thalassemia trait can have mild  anemia. However, many people who have these types of thalassemia have no signs or symptoms. Mild anemia can make you feel tired. Mild anemia caused by alpha thalassemi a trait might be mistaken for  iron-deficiency anemia. Mild to Moderate Anemia and Other Signs and SymptomsPeople who have beta thalassemia intermedia have mild to moderate anemia. They also may have other health problems, such as: * Slowed growth and delayed puberty. Anemia can slow down a childs growth and development. * Bone problems. Thalassemia may cause bone marrow to expand. Bone marrow is the spongy substance inside bones that makes blood cells. When bone marrow expands, the bones become wider than normal. They may become brittle and break easily. * An enlarged spleen. The spleen is an organ that helps your body fight infection and remove unwanted material.When a person has thalassemia, the spleen has to work very hard. As a result, the spleen becomes larger than normal. This makes anemia worse. If the spleen becomes too large, it must be removed. Severe Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms People who have hemoglobin H disease or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooleys anemia) have severe thalassemia. Signs and symptoms usually occur within the first 2  years of life. They may include severe anemia and other health problems, such as: * A pale and listless appearance * Poor appetite Dark urine (a sign that red blood cells are breaking down) * Slowed growth and delayed puberty * Jaundice (a yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes) * An enlarged spleen, liver, or heart * Bone problems (especially with bones in the face) Complications of Thalassemias Better treatments now allow people who have moderate and severe thalassemias to live much longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications of these disorders that occur over time. Heart and Liver Diseases Regular  blood transfusions  are a standard treatment for thalassemias.Transfusions can cause iron to build up in the blood (iron overload). This can damage organs and tissues, especially the heart and liver. Heart disease caused by iron overload is the main cause of death i n people who have thalassemias. Heart disease includes  heart failure,  arrhythmias  (irregular heartbeats), and  heart attack. Infection Among people who have thalassemias, infections are a key cause of illness and the second most common cause of death. People who have had their spleens removed are at even higher risk because they no longer have this infection-fighting organ.Osteoporosis Many people who have thalassemias have bone problems, including osteoporosis (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is a condition in which bones are weak and brittle and break easily. How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? Doctors diagnose thalassemias using  blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) and special hemoglobin tests. * A CBC measures the amount of hemoglobin and the different kinds of blood cells, such as red blood cells, in a sample of blood. People who have thalassemias have fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal in their blood.People who have alpha or beta th alassemia trait may have red blood cells that are smaller than normal. * Hemoglobin tests measure the types of hemoglobin in a blood sample. People who have thalassemias have problems with the alpha or beta globin protein chains of hemoglobin. Moderate and severe thalassemias usually are diagnosed in early childhood. This is because signs and symptoms, including severe  anemia, often occur within the first 2  years of life. People who have milder forms of thalassemia might be diagnosed after a routine blood test shows they have anemia.Doctors might suspect thalassemia if a person has anemia and is a member of an ethnic group thats at increased risk for thalassemias. (For more information, go to  Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? ) Doctors also test the amount of iron in the blood to find out whether the anemia is due to iron deficiency or thalassemia. Iron-deficiency anemia  occurs if the body doesnt have enough iron to make hemoglobin. The anemia in thalassemia occurs becaus e of a problem with either the alpha globin or beta globin chains of hemoglobin, not because of a lack of iron.Because thalassemias are passed from parents to children through genes, family genetic studies also can help diagnose the disorder. These studies involve taking a family medical history and doing blood tests on family members. The tests will show whether any family members have missing or altered hemoglobin genes. If you know of family members who have thalassemias and youre thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a genetic counselor. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children. If youre expecting a baby and you and your partner are thalassemia carriers, you may ant to consider prenatal testing. Prenatal testing involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid or tissue from the placenta. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the sac surrounding a growing embryo. The placenta is the organ that attaches the umbilical cord to the mothers womb. ) Tests done on the fluid or tissue can show whether your baby has thalassemia and how severe it might be. How Are Thalassemias Treated? Treatments for thalassemias depend on the type and severity of the disorder. People who are carriers or who have alpha or beta thalassemia trait have mild or no symptoms. They’ll likely need little or no treatment.Doctors use three standard treatments for moderate and severe forms of thalassemia. These treatments include  blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-shun) therapy, and folic acid supplements. Other treatments have been developed or are being tested, but theyre used much less often. Standard Treatments Blood Transfusions Transfusions of red blood cells are the main treatment for people who have moderate or severe thalassemias. This treatment gives you healthy red blood cells with normal hemoglobin. During a blood transfusion, a needle is used to insert an intravenous (IV) line into one of your blood vessels.Thro ugh this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours. Red blood cells live only for about 120 days. So, you may need repeated transfusions to maintain a healthy supply of red blood cells. If you have hemoglobin H disease or beta thalassemia intermedia, you may need blood transfusions on occasion. For example, you may have transfusions when you have an infection or other illness, or when your  anemia  is severe enough to cause tiredness. If you have beta thalassemia major (Cooleys anemia), you’ll likely need regular blood transfusions (often every 2 to 4 weeks).These transfusions will help you maintain normal hemoglobin and red blood cell levels. Blood transfusions allow you to feel better, enjoy normal activities, and live into adulthood. This treatment is lifesaving, but its expensive and carries a risk of transmitting infections and viruses (for example, hepatitis). However, the risk is very low in the United States because of careful blood screening. For more information, go to the Health Topics  Blood Transfusion  article. Iron Chelation Therapy The hemoglobin in red blood cells is an iron-rich protein.Thus, regular blood transfusions can lead to a buildup of iron in the blood. This condition is called iron overload. It damages the liver, heart, and other parts of the body. To prevent this damage, doctors use iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from the body. Two medicines are used for iron chelation therapy. * Deferoxamine is a liquid medicine thats given slowly under the skin, usually with a small portable pump used overnight. This therapy takes time and can be mildly painful. Side effects include problems with vision and hearing. * Deferasirox is a pill taken once daily.Side effects include headache, nausea (feeling sick to the stomach), vomiting, diarrhea, joint pain, and tiredness. Folic Acid Supplements Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps build healthy red blood cells. Your doctor may recommend f olic acid supplements in addition to treatment with blood transfusions and/or iron chelation therapy. Other Treatments Other treatments for thalassemias have been developed or are being tested, but theyre used much less often. Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant A blood and marrow stem cell transplant replaces faulty stem cells with healthy ones from another person (a donor).Stem cells are the cells inside bone marrow that make red blood cells and other types of blood cells. A stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure thalassemia. But only a small number of people who have severe thalassemias are able to find a good donor match and have the risky procedure. For more information, go to the Health Topics  Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant  article. Possible Future Treatments Researchers are working to find new treatments for thalassemias. For example, it might be possible someday to insert a normal hemoglobin gene into stem cells in bone marrow.This will allow people who have thalassemias to make their own healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. Researchers also are studying ways to trigger a persons ability to make fetal hemoglobin after birth. This type of hemoglobin is found in fetuses and newborns. After birth, the body switches to making adult hemoglobin. Making more fetal hemoglobin might make up for the lack of healthy adult hemoglobin. Treating Complications Better treatments now allow people who have moderate and severe thalassemias to live longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications that occur over time.An important part of managing thalassemias is treating complications. Treatment might be needed for heart or liver diseases, infections, osteoporosis, and other health problems. How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? You can’t prevent thalassemias because they’re inherited (passed from parents to children through genes). However, prenatal tests can detect these blood disorders before birth. Family ge netic studies may help find out whether people have missing or altered hemoglobin genes that cause thalassemias. (For more information, go to  How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? ) If you know of family members who have thalassemias and youre thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a genetic counselor. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children. Living With Thalassemias Survival and quality of life have improved for people who have moderate or severe thalassemias. This is because: * More people are able to get  blood transfusions  now. * Blood screening has reduced the number of infections from blood transfusions. Also, treatments for other kinds of infections have improved. * Iron chelation treatments are available that are easier for some people to take. Some people have been cured through  blood and marrow stem cell transplants. Living with thalassemia can be challenging, but several approaches can help you cope. Fol low Your Treatment Plan Following the treatment plan your doctor gives you is important. For example, get blood transfusions as your doctor recommends, and take your iron chelation medicine as prescribed. Iron chelation treatment can take time and be mildly painful. However, dont stop taking your medicine. The leading cause of death among people who have thalassemias is heart disease caused by iron overload.Iron buildup can damage your heart, liver, and other organs. Several chelation treatments are now available, including injections and pills. Your doctor will talk with you about which treatment is best for you. Take folic acid supplements if your doctor prescribes them. Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps build healthy red blood cells. Also, talk with your doctor about whether you need other vitamin or mineral supplements, such as vitamins A, C, or D or selenium. Get Ongoing Medical Care Keep your scheduled medical appointments, and get any tests that your doctor recommends. The se tests may include: Monthly complete blood counts and tests for blood iron levels every 3 months * Yearly tests for heart function, liver function, and viral infections (for example, hepatitis B and C and HIV) * Yearly tests to check for iron buildup in your liver * Yearly vision and hearing tests * Regular checkups to make sure blood transfusions are working * Other tests as needed (such as  lung function tests, genetic tests, and tests to match your tissues with a possible donor if a stem cell transplant is being considered) Children who have thalassemias should receive yearly checkups to monitor their growth and development.The checkups include a physical exam, including a height and weight check, and any necessary tests. Take Steps To Stay Healthy Take steps to stay as healthy as possible. Follow a healthy eating plan and your doctors instructions for taking iron supplements. Get vaccinations as needed, especially if youve had your spleen removed. You may need vaccines for t he flu,  pneumonia, hepatitis B, and meningitis. Your doctor will advise you about which vaccines you need. Watch for signs of infection (such as a fever) and take steps to lower your risk for infection (especially if youve had your spleen removed).For example: * Wash your hands often. * Avoid crowds during cold and flu season. * Keep the skin around the site where you get blood transfusions as clean as possible. * Call your doctor if a fever develops. Emotional Issues and Support If you or your child has thalassemia, you may have fear, anxiety, depression, or stress. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life.Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with thalassemia. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about loca l support groups or check with an area medical center. Support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you. Some teens and young adults who have thalassemias may have a hard time moving from pediatric care to adult care.Doctors and other health professionals who care for these children might not be familiar with adult issues related to the disorder, such as certain complications. Also, it might be hard for adults who have thalassemias to find doctors who specialize in treating the disorder. Ask your childs doctor to help you find a doctor who can care for your child when the time comes to make the switch. Planning and good communication can help this move go smoothly. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/trials. html

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage 29 Nov. 1999 Same Sex Marriage, Acceptance in the United States Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Marriage entitles financial responsibility, as well as authorized financial benefits. It is the institution that provides automatic legal protection for the spouse, including medical visitation, inheritance of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. Society has become accustom to what they believe is normal by their traditions and religious beliefs. Many people believe that same-sex marriage is not normal. The simple fact is that banning same-sex marriage is discrimination. Marriage is the basic human right that should not be denied to anyone. Marriage among minorities has come a long way in becoming accepted as normal in the eyes of society. Interracial marriage was prohibited, and unacceptable in the United States, until the Supreme Court ruled such bans unconstitutional in 1967. There is no reason that the federal government, or anyone for that matter, should restrict marriage to a prede fined heterosexual relationship. Because it is the right of the homosexual legally, socially, and economically, matrimony between lesbian and gay couples should be accepted in the United States. Because our country has been founded on the Constitution, in which all men are created equal; we cannot deny the basic human and legal right of marriage to a class of individuals due to their sexual preference. Banning same-sex marriage has already been declared a violation of the constitution in the state of Hawaii. The case began in 1991 when three same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses, by the Hawaii Department of Health, brought a lawsuit to the state court against the director of the department. Hawaii law required couples wishing to marry Ramirez 2 to obtain a marriage license. New York Times reporter David Dunlap notes that while the marriage license did not explicitly prohibit same sex marriage at that time, it used terms of gender that clearly indicated that only heterosexual couples could marry.... In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that a refusal to grant marriage licenses violated the state constitution (18). Even though the court found that the state of Hawaiis constitution had discriminated against homosexuals, which should legalize marriage nationally, presently there have been no same-sex marriage license that have been issued anywhere in the United States. Conversely, an Online US News columnist acknowledges that one state court should not dictate marriage laws for the entire nation: If gay marriages become legal in Hawaii, other states may have to recognize them, as well, because the U.S. Constitution requires each state to grant full faith and credit to the acts of other states. But, he argues, many states do not want to recognize same-sex unions, and should not be forced to do so by a few judges in Hawaii. The bill [allowing other states to ban same sex-unions] introduced in congress would preserve the right of the other 49 states to determine their marriage laws.(Pros and Cons of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage) Although some may believe it would be unfair for Hawaii to begin the process of recognizing same-sex marriage licenses, Article IV, Section One of the United States Constitution avers, Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and proceedings of every other state(Madison et al.). Therefore, regardless of whether or not certain individuals believe it is fair for one state to begin the process of same-sex marriage, the law is the law. Similarly, lawyers specializing in the constitutional and civil rights laws said the legislation could be fought in two ways: either by arguing that same-sex marriages must be allowed to full faith and credit clause requiring states to recognize the laws of other states (Roane 7). The Ramirez 3 case is very similar to the ban of interracial marriage, which was declared unconstitutional just a few decades ago by the Supreme Court. Interracial marriage was struck down as a violation of the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all persons the equal protection of the laws. Even though marriage should not be denied legally to gay and lesbian couples, matrimony between same-sex couples should be accepted socially. Andrew Sulivan, a former editor for the New Republic magazine comments; Homosexuals are in many ways

Tate Modern topic proposal 200-300 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tate Modern topic proposal 200-300 words - Essay Example As it goes with the character of a building intended to house Modern Art, Herzog & de Meuron decided in favour of retaining the quintessentially urban and industrial character of the original building. However, they extended full expression to their creative genius by delicately emphasizing it through the usage of renovations like light paintwork, polished concrete, excellent lighting and unpretentious wooden floors. The result was the creation of an architectural ambience that relied for its originality on the pleasing contrast of the industrial boldness of the original building with the tasteful temperament of the new additions. It would not be wrong to say that the approach of Herzog and de Meuron in the case of Tate Modern was primarily conceptual and not design oriented. In that context, Tate Modern suggests an entire new approach towards architecture that is innovative, believing in extending new meanings and forms to the old through the incorporation of novel trends and creati vity and no doubt pragmatically aspiring for cost effectiveness. Preliminary Bibliography Miles, Malcolm & Hall, Tim (eds.) 2003, Urban Futures, Routledge, London.

Comparing two of the six IPCC scenarios Assignment

Comparing two of the six IPCC scenarios - Assignment Example With this regards it evident that the number one energy type, oil is declining at a faster rate. For example, The United States oil reserves have been declining since the year 1971. The demand for oil in most of the countries is increasing and most of the oil producing countries has already depleted their oil fields. Gas which is also produced in similar circumstance as oil is also limited. By the year 2100, most of the natural gas should have been depleted (Chefruka, 2009). Nuclear energy seems to one of the energy types that will not be fully depleted by 2100. The more nuclear power plant will be formed the more power people will be able to obtain. Since most of the energy forms would have been depleted by 2100, renewable energy will become the most used for of energy. By 2100, most of the population will be forced to use the renewable forms of energy like solar panels and wind power (Nakicenovic, 2001). The decline of human population by 2100 can be closely associated with the reduction of energy. It is correct to assume that the decline in the world energy supply will have profound effect on the population. If we carefully analyze this, we will find out that human being requires a significant amount on energy to sustain their quality of life. So, if this energy supply decline per capita, the quality of life will be affected. Based on the theory of demand and supply, when the energy sources become scarce, there price of oil will go high. The price of this commodity will force the populace to redirect money for other expenses to obtain this precious commodity. Their consumption will hit rock bottom and this will be disastrous. Statistics shows that over 5 billion out of 7 billion occupants live in countries where the energy per capita is under 1.5 toe per year (Nakicenovic, 2001). As the energy reserves continue to decline, these counties stand a high

Lightest football Essay Example for Free

Lightest football Essay I have chosen to focus on just one of the sports manufacturers Nike, for two reasons. 1. Nike is arguably the fore runner in the technological developments of most sports football being one. 2. There is little deviation between the finished products and their properties regardless of the manufacturer and with Nike being the largest of all the sports brands, it seems logical to focus on them. Shirt Nike cool motion shirt (image 1)   Two layers lighter than one   Inner shirt wicks moisture. Outer shirt has vents and water resistant properties   Luminous colouring makes visibility improved under floodlights Boots Nike vapour boots (image 2)   Lightest football boot around built for speed Soft ground 194 g Firm ground 202 g   Sprint spike stud configuration   Ultra thin synthetic for `feel` of the ball Ball Nike mercurial vapour ball (image 3). Synthetically made strength and durability in all conditions   Low water retention keeps shape and weight  Ã‚  2% more deviation in flight leading to harder shots, therefore more spectacular goals   Special small sided games version in metallic silver higher visibility Protection Nike vapour guards (image 4) Lightweight again built for speed   Anatomically shaped providing optimum fit   Wicking inner layer Nike Kracken gloves (image 5) 4mm thick grip durability and shock absorption in all conditions   curved grip for easier catching of the ball   wicking inner layer Headers` padded head band (image 6). reduces shock to the brain   reduces risk of concussions   reduces risk of onset of post game illnesses directly associated with brain trauma (i. e. Parkinsons) Stadia After the Hillsborough disaster of 1989 and a series of other crowd related tragedies (Heysel 1985, Bradford fires) there was a need to drastically improve the stadia across the world. The Taylor report deemed that all top division clubs must have all seater stadiums, with restrictions placed on those without. Similar guidelines were introduced and applied with lower league clubs, where although all-seater stadiums were not compulsory, the safety of each stadium must pass stringent checks. There have been cases especially highlighted in the conference league where upon a club has been promoted, only to be demoted back to the same league immediately because their ground or stadium did not meet safety regulations. The recent world cup in Japan/Korea highlighted the new breed of `super stadia`, where spectators can rely upon space age technology to enjoy watching in safety and comfort. (Image 7) Television Due to the ever increasing demand to watch football, and sometimes the increasing price to do so, the needs of the spectator, whether at home or at the stadium remain almost the same. Television, has pumped money into many clubs, and very nearly ruined many others. (the collapse of ITV digital bankrupted some smaller clubs)   Television runs football date and times of kick off are directly effected by television companies The majority of money involved is directly to do with television TV rights, pay-per-view   Some clubs cannot survive without TV. money. Football and television have become co-dependent Conclusion   advancements are geared towards providing more of a spectacle   speed of the game has increased more end to end action   balls/boots are benefiting the scoring of spectacular goals again more spectacle   Spectators watch games in more comfort at a price, some match tickets are no longer affordable.   Sport is run now like a business high risk for high rewards, and the rewards are getting that much greater Money essentially now runs the game.

Roland Emmerichs The Patriot - An Open Letter to Mr. Mel Gibson :: Movies Film

Roland Emmerich's The Patriot - An Open Letter to Mr. Mel Gibson Dear Mel , Having read the avalanche of outraged articles in the UK press that preceded the UK launch of â€Å"The Patriot†, I readily admit that I was expecting to see a distinctly anti-British Movie. One such headline complains for example about a â€Å"blood libel on the British People†. Some considerable way into the film (which, putting the controversy to one side, was otherwise enjoyable), I found myself questioning whether such criticism was justified. Characters on both sides, including the character you were playing, Benjamin Martin, were portrayed as being responsible for some shameful actions. I really was beginning to question what the fuss was all about. I then watched the scene where Redcoats are depicted as sadists hanging old people. Later came the chilling episode in the Church, when Redcoat soldiers on the orders of the films main villain, Colonel William Tavington (partly modelled on the real-life Redcoat, Colonel Tarleton), deliberately locked a large number of the Colonials, including women and children, inside, before the Church was set ablaze. It was clear from the following scenes that all of the incarcerated victims were burnt to death in the most horrific circumstances. To say the least, this episode was unfortunate, as in reality, no such incident ever occurred. Are there not enough grounds for causing bad feeling without inventing atrocities purely for entertainment value? And having said that, I personally, don't even find the aforementioned scenes entertaining. The Brits are inevitably the first and sometimes the only Country to support America, whatever the circumstances or adversity. It is therefore even more disturbing that the close friendship between two peoples should be potentially damaged purely for commercial purposes. You always seem to be a decent man whenever I have seen you being interviewed. It may hopefully be the case that if indeed you have received the mega millions quoted for playing the lead role, you were perhaps unaware of the fact that history was being fabricated at the expense of the truth. According to what I have read about the history of that unfortunate period, there was surely enough wrongdoing on both sides, without having to invent such horrific events with the British being portrayed as outright sadists. I have read a comment attributed to you in a UK film magazine called â€Å"Total Film† in which you apparently made the following comment about your character†¦ â€Å"it’s based on historical fact but it’s got some stretches in it.

Patterns of Knowing in Nursing Essay

Nursing education has evolved greatly over the years, in the mid-19th century, nursing was seen as a mothering and homemaking role; today nursing has a more scientific base (Peplau, 1986). Nursing is much more than following doctors’ orders and performing comfort care. Nurses must be able to apply different aspects of knowledge into their care in order to provide quality care to their patients. According to the American Nurses Association (2014), nursing is the protection, promotion and optimization of health and abilities; nursing includes the prevention of injury and alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment, and advocate in the care of the individual, families and community. The purpose of this paper is to identify the four patterns of knowing and the importance of implementing them into patient care. According to Carper (1978), there are four fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing which are essential for the teaching and learning of nursing which involve critical analysis of what it means to know, and the type of knowledge that is most valuable in the discipline of nursing. The four patterns of knowing are empirics, ethics, personal knowledge, and esthetics. Carper (1978) defines empirical knowledge as being factual, descriptive and ultimately aimed at developing abstract and theoretical explanations. This type of knowledge would include the knowledge learned through theory and application of scientific evidence which is learned through textbooks and classroom settings. Knowledge that is gained through empirical description can by formulated and publically verifiable. The ethical pattern of knowing focuses on matters of moral obligation which goes beyond the knowing of norms or ethical codes of discipline; it includes voluntary actions which are deliberate and subject to judg ment of right or wrong (Carper, 1978). Ethical knowledge guides how nurses confront and resolve conflicting issues and requires application of ethical reasoning. Personal knowledge is the pattern of knowing which is concerned with encountering and actualizing of  the individual self. Personal knowing is concerned with becoming self-aware and having personal reflection when caring for the patient (Carper, 1978). Personal knowing is the most problematic and difficult pattern to master since it requires having the ability to analyze an event from the perspective of another through the use of reflection (Nursing Pedagogy, n.d.). Esthetic knowledge involves application of empathy, perception, and acknowledgement of the value of everyday experiences lived by individuals. Esthetic knowledge involves the â€Å"art† in nursing. Esthetic knowledge is gained through experience and includes the use of intuitions (Berragan, 1998). Application of the four patterns of knowledge is essential to the professional nurse in order to provide quality care. Empirical knowledge in nursing theory refines and enhances the structural foundation in the nursing curriculum thus enhancing the viewpoint of the science of nursing in a global perspective (Kalofissudis, 2007). Ethical knowledge for the professional nurse involves matters of moral obligation, the use of the ethical code of nursing, and application of social justice when caring for their patients. Nurses apply personal knowledge through personal reflection and are able to demonstrate to patients that the nurse understands what they may be going through and can help interpret some of their decisions and experiences in such a way that can aid in the patients understanding of a difficult situation (Nursing Pedagogy, n.d.). The aesthetic pattern of knowledge is considered the art in nursing as it is based on the skill of the nurse in a given situation and transpires in t he effectiveness of the nurse-client relationship (Peplau, 1988). Without a positive nurse-client relationship the nurse may face many barriers in attempting to care for their clients. Reflecting on how the use of aesthetic knowledge was used in my nursing experience I am able to realize how important having a positive nurse-client relationship is. I had a patient who was newly diagnosed with diabetes and according to his chart he was noncompliant with his diet and medications. In interviewing he patient I learned that he did not have a good understanding of what the diabetic diet entailed, he mentioned that he didn’t understand  why his sugar would be elevated if he was not eating that much and avoided candy. I sat down with the patient and we made a food log of what he had consumed over the last two days, he mentioned he would have a small breakfast which included bacon and white toast, he stated he usually would not have lunch and his dinner included fried chicken with macaroni and cheese. I explained to the patient how managing his blood sugar was not only avoiding sugar, but also balancing proteins and carbs and eating throughout the day. I gave him a booklet with diet recommendations and encouraged him to keep a log of what he ate. This patient mentioned how I was the first one to take the time to sit with him and explain how diabetes works. From then on his treatment was more effective and his hemoglobin A1c had decreased from eight to six within three months. I was able to use my intuition in acknowledging that this patient was not purposely being noncompliant but rather had knowledge deficit on how to manage his new disease. As nursing continues to evolve into a more autonomous field, nurses must be aware of, and be able to apply all four patterns of knowing into their practice. As mentioned by Idczak (2007), science provides the nurse with knowledge on which to base decisions but it remains for the arts and humanities to direct the nurse to examine the value of his or her practice. . References American Nurses Association (2013). What is nursing. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/especialyforyou/what-is-nursing Berragan, L (1998). Nursing practice draws upon several different ways of knowing. Journal Of Clinical Nursing,7(3), 209-217 Carper, B. (1978). Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1(1), 13-23. Idczak, S. E. (2007). I am a nurse: Nursing students learn the art and science of nursing. Nursing Education Perspectives, 28(2), 66-71. Kalofissudis, I. (2007). The theory of nursing knowledge. Health Science Journal, 1(4) Retrieved from http://www.hsj.gr/volume1/issue4/editorialkalof.pdf Nursing Pedagogy. (n.d.). Introduction to nursing pedagogy. Retrieved from http://nursingpedagogy.com/intro.html Peplau, H. E. (1988). The art and science of nursing: Similarities, differences, and relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1(1) 8-15. APA 6th Edition Checklist Review this checklist prior to submitting papers in NURS 300. Students are responsible for correct format. Review APA 6th Edition Manual or on the various websites, such as Purdue OWL: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

Effects of parental marital instability to children Essay

Parental divorce has a substantial effect on children which can be long-term or short term. Long term effects can range from long-term financial difficulties, psychological, mental, physical and also social problems. This could be as a result of lack of both emotional and social support that is derived from stable families. Divorce entails separation of parents leaving the family broken, a situation that denies the children a safe and steady informal environment for learning. It also minimizes the ability of parents to guard their children against negative influences from the surrounding environment. However, there are some cases where divorce brings about short term relieve to children especially where violence that is directed to children and a parent is involved. Although this may reduce short-term physical together with psychological effects, long-tem effects are bound to occur (Amato, 2000). Financial effects: this arises due to the break up of the family’s financial structure forcing each of the parents to rely on their personal incomes for survival unlike previously when they could pool their incomes together. Since the success of children relies on both financial and social support from parents, children who are brought up in a family with two parents are likely to have high achievements compared to those with one because of the presence of both parents who could offer complementary resources when needed. Each of the divorced parents will be forced to use available resources in trying to set up a new home at the expense of the children’s needs of quality education and better health services. In some cases where fathers start new families, the possibility of children being affected financially rises because the father could end up spending less on them (Cherlin, Kiernan & Chase-Lansdale, 1995). Social impact: the social impact of divorce on children has been found to be massive. Children whose parents divorce during their formative years have been found to be greatly affected compared to those who their parents divorce at a later date. These children become prone to divorce in their later lives. This is so because, during formative years, children require both parents for effective development of skills and values that are necessary in development of stable relationships in future. It is evident in men who grow with single mothers who tend to behave in a deviant way with violent natures who eventually end up being involved in criminal activities (Amato, 2001). Because the children are not able take sides during divorce, they feel as if they are the cause of the divorce. As a result, they may end up getting depressed and eventually becoming suicidal. Their personality and sense of confidence is affected by the regular arguments and fights that their parents may have had. Eventually, after divorce if proper measures such as counseling are not taken, they may become emotionally destabilized which may lead to drug abuse and suicide (D’Onofrio et al, 2003). When the non custodian parent moves far away from the other and does not communicate frequently or in totality to the children, they may feel a sense of loose of a parent. Girls get affected by their father’s absence whereby they may become emotionally withdrawn from both boys and men during growth and later on in life. Divorce cases tend to affect boys more than girls. Boys tend to show signs of violent and criminal behaviors while girls become neurotic depressive which mostly depends on their mother’s behavior. They carry these behaviors to their relationships in future which explain why most marriages of such children do not last (Furstenberg & Teitler, 1994). According to Cherlin, Chase-Lansdale & McRae (1998), divorce may cause long term mental disorders for children between the age bracket 0 and 4. This is so because of lack of care that is essential for full development of the child. An example is when the father is given custody of the child, the child misses an opportunity to breast feed and receive post-natal care which may lead to mental defects later on in life. This affects their ability to perform in sports and school activities (D’Onofrio et al, 2005). To enhance adjustment of the child to the situation, it is recommended that: parents should discuss the impending divorce to ensure that its done at a level where it will not have a great effect to the child, they should be able to answer any question that the child could be having about the situation, the child should be assured that it was not by his/her fault that they separated, the child should be assured that both parents will continue loving him/her, the child’s needs should be the parents’ priority, the parent in custody of the child should not expect his/her emotional needs to be met by the child, parenting should continue as usual, continued visitation of the child by the other parent who doesn’t have custody of the child should be ensured, parents should avoid being critical of the other and avoid interrogating the child about visits made by the other parent (Caspi et al, 2004). In conclusion, the effects of divorce to children are damaging to the child’s development leading to both physical and psychological disorders. This affects the child’s ability to develop social skills which are important in developing stable relationships later on in life. It also affects both financial and social well being of the children involved. The effects can be controlled through ensuring that the affected children are surrounded by an enabling environment which will help them acquire the required social, emotional and financial support. This will help reduce the long-term effects that result from such cases. Other ways that could be considered in trying to reduce these long term effects include looking for a step family or introduction of special mentorship programs in schools. Because of the effects involved, there is need for child mental health specialists who are familiar with the wide range of complications that divorce may have on the child so that they can help reduce if not prevent the effects. References Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children: Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1269–1287. Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355–370. Caspi, A. , Moffitt, T. E. , Morgan, J. , Rutter, M. , Taylor, A. , Arseneault, L. , et al. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children’s antisocialbehavior problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149–161. Cherlin, A. J. , Chase-Lansdale, P. L. , & McRae, C. (1998). Effects of parental divorce on mental health throughout the life course. American Sociological Review, 63, 239–249. Cherlin, A. J. , Kiernan, K. E. , & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1995). Parental divorce in childhood and demographic outcomes in young adulthood. Demography, 32, 299–318. D’Onofrio, B. M. , Turkheimer, E. , Eaves, L. J. , Corey, L. A. , Berg, K. ,Solaas, M. H. , & Emery, R. E. (2003). The role of the children of twins design in elucidating causal relations between parent characteristics and child outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1130–1144. D’Onofrio, B. M. , Turkheimer, E. , Emery, R. E. , Slutske, W. S. , Heath, A. C. , Madden, P. A. , & Martin, N. G. (2005). A genetically informed study of marital instability and its association with offspring psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 570–586. Furstenberg, F. F. , Jr. , & Teitler, J. O. (1994). Reconsidering the effects of marital disruption: What happens to children of divorce in young adulthood? Journal of Family Issues, 15, 173–190.

PunchDub Campaign Evaluation Essays

PunchDub Campaign Evaluation Essays PunchDub Campaign Evaluation Essay PunchDub Campaign Evaluation Essay Evaluate the PunchDub campaign that the Deutsch LA agency developed when it took over the Volkswagen of America account. Discuss the pros and cons of the campaign and assess the way it was implemented by the agency. After reading the article on Volkswagen Punch Dub campaign that the Deutsch LA agency created. The primary goal of the Punch Hub campaign developed by Deutsch LA was to raise awareness of the Volkswagen product line in North American market.However, one of the challenges VW faces is that consumers know the VW brand but are not buying the company’s cars as awareness is very high. The Punch Hub campaign was designed to address this problem and make consumers aware of the other vehicles in the VW product line such as the Passat, Golf and GTI. They built this campaign around the classic Punch Buggy (or Slug Bug) game. The Deutsch LA reached a market through IMC which was a TV commercial doing the 2010 Super Bowl.The advertisement tapped into every generation that watched the 2010 Super Bowl. I didn’t see to many cons in its campaign the only con was made online by VM competitors. The Punch Dub campaign accomplished what it was trying to achieve, to reach a new market and get its other brand of cars known to the world, with the commercial and VW dealers and the online media. The Punch Hub campaign was implemented by using variety of IMC tools and was a very good way to address the VW market in facing of low awareness for many vehicles in its product line.One limitation that might be noted is that of whether consumer would actually take the time to become e ngaged with the online campaign and play the PunchDub game. Consumers who did not do so would not learn more about the VW product line and one might argue that the IMC program would have been more effective if the monies had been spent by promoting the entire product line more directly. However, this would have been very expensive and may not have been as engaging and effective as the PunchDub campaign.

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF A significant part of my income over the years came from grants, either ones I’ve written or projects I’ve been a part of. I’ve learned a few things about writing them, what grant committees look for and how to search out appropriate grants. I’ve also had proposals rejected. The competition, especially for grants in the creative arts, can be stiff, and sometimes there isn’t enough money to fund every project. The first major grant I won was a California artist-in-residency grant. For three years, it provided enough income for me to teach creative writing in a continuation school while allowing time for my own writing. I also wrote a Healthy Start grant for the school. It was accepted and they received $100,000 to set up an onsite nursery and offer healthy living classes for teen parents, a gratifying experience to see under-privileged students receive help to finish high school. I also spent seven years going into California state prisons teaching poetry and creative writing to inmates as part of the William James arts-in-corrections project. They were some of the best students I’ve ever worked with. I’ve written grants for organizations and arts groups, which have supported workshops and readings. A number of smaller grants allowed me time for writing that I might not have otherwise been able to. This past year, I received what, for me, was the creme de la creme. In March, 2011, I was awarded a Fulbright for a writing project, â€Å"The Language of Place† and spent six months in northeastern India on a creative writing project about environment. As part of it, I began a blog, Cloud and Mountain, which I have continued to maintain since returning to the U.S. The most important step of preparing a proposal is to study the organization and successful grants. Ask a granting agency to send you copies of grant proposals they’ve funded. Some make samples available online. This gives you a chance to see what types of projects have succeeded, but more importantly, you get an idea of the tone and language preferred. Some other tips: Keep your proposal within the stated limits. If it says proposals should be three to five pages, don’t send in two pages, don’t send in six. Keep your objective narrow and realistic. People who read proposals have a keen eye for projects that promise too much. Make your language positive. Focus on what you can do and show how your past experience will help you achieve your objectives with this grant. Do a very careful proofreading! Spelling or grammatical errors are a sure way to get your grant rejected. Even if you have a dynamite proposal, if the writing is sloppy it suggests you don’t care enough about it to bother with basic mechanics. An equally important step is to state how your project can benefit others. The Fulbright is a diplomacy program, so they seek projects that will contribute to a cross-cultural exchange with a host country. However, all grants will likely have a service component. Don’t just think about what you want to get out of your project, but what is its place in the bigger world? Will you be offering something that goes beyond yourself? In fact, this is not a bad philosophy for life! Here are few links that might be helpful: Getting a Fulbright Scholarship in Creative Writing Funds for Writers National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Arts Writers:The Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant Foundation Fulbright International Exchange of Scholars Grant Seekers Cafe:a blog with a lot of good information on applying for grants Grant Seekers Guide: This site from Penn State Extension has some good articles on applying for grants and information for both Pennsylvania and nation-wide funding sources

Recruitment and Retention within a Complex International Market Dissertation - 6

Recruitment and Retention within a Complex International Market - Dissertation Example Recruitment is a legal process of obtaining the sufficient number of qualified people at the right place and time so that the people and the organization can select each other in their own best short and long term interests (Richardson, n. d, p.2 ). Recruitment is the process which is adopted by the organizations to fill the vacancies in the organization. Various factors should be considered for the successful recruitment process. Recruitment can be conducted internally and externally. Internal recruitment allows the existing employees to get higher promotions or higher grades, but it will never fill the vacancies completely in the organization. Recruitment can be conducted internally through promotions and transfer of existing personnel within the organization at different places (Richardson, n. d, p.5). External recruitment helps the organization to fill all the existing vacancies. Moreover, it can bring new concepts and ideas to the organization. Internal recruitment is the cheapest and quick option compared to external recruitment. Internal recruitment will create another vacancy in the place of the promoted employee (Recruitment methods, n. d). The strength and weakness of the organization are well known to the internal employees and they can adapt to the environment more quickly than the outsiders. Internal recruitment always shift vacancy from one place to another and at some point in time, organizations have to depend on external recruitment for the complete filling of all the vacancies existing in the organization. Drifting of vacancies inside the organization might not help the organization in the long run. In short, internal recruitment is a temporary solution for organizations whereas external recruitment is the permanent option even though external recruitment is a lengthy process compared to internal recruitment.

Analytically Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analytically - Essay Example ‘Recitatif’ showcases the impact of mothers on the children and how it helps to build their character in the long run. Hazel is the protagonist of ‘Gorilla, My Love’ and Twyla is the key narrator of ‘Racitatif’. Both are strong influenced by their mother. Hazel is interesting mix of childish curiosity and strong demeanour that is intolerant of anything that is perceived as wrong and takes up the cudgel to fight for their rights, just like her mother. Hazel’s mother supports her unconditionally in her fight against any injustices. The writer confirms that that her mother ‘come up there in a minute when them teachers start playin the dozens behind colored folks’. She had learnt to fight for her rights, even when the opponents were much older than her! It was quite evident when she confronts theater manager for refund because the movie was not about ‘Gorlla, My Love’ but a religious movie. When she is not taken seriously and does not get refund, she deliberately ‘lit a candy stand on fire’. This reflects Hazel’s strong will and her desire to be taken seriously. Hazel’s shows the same tenacious nature when she is informed that her uncle had changed his name in order to get married. She is upset when Hunca Bubba becomes Uncle Vale which is unacceptable because it challenges the very values with which she was brought up, the values which forbid lying as bad. Moreover, her Hunca Bubba now cannot marry her as because ‘that was somebody else. I’m a new somebody’ (Bambara, 4). Hazel is confused and upset because her beliefs that elders stick to what they say has now been shattered. The way children are not taken seriously and lied constantly on small pretext by elders presents the dilemma of growing up that is probably faced by all children. Twyla’s mother, on the other hand tends to covertly influence her behavior which is reflected when they follow their morals in their growing up stage. Her mother

Does Online Communication Compromise the Rights of an Individual When Essay

Does Online Communication Compromise the Rights of an Individual When Information is "Anonymous" - Essay Example The effect of anonymous online communication on the rights of individuals still remains a hotly debated topic in the coming years. Different scholars have divergent views with regards to the issue. Neil Swidey on one hand believes that it compromises the rights of the individual because many people post abusive and vitriolic stuff that are often eliminated by the site moderators (Akrivopoulou and Garipidis, 148). He argues that anonymous posters may sometimes become offensive thereby calling into question the nature as well as the value of online communication. Ian Lloyd, on the other hand, maintains that anonymous online communication does not compromise the rights of the individuals. He argues that there is a legal approach that protects anonymity and privacy. Even though the legal approach that is directed online communications tries to safeguard personal rights, people may often have bad intentions; therefore, life in this digital age may be subject to breaches of trust (Akrivopoulou and Garipidis, 148). However, it is worth noting that the use of anonymous online communication is unstoppable because its benefits do outweigh any limitations they bring. The government and the media should be involved in identifying how to harness the potential of anonymous online communication to inform the general public better by making sure that the good intentions do not often backfire. According to me, I tend to think that anonymous online communication is not capable of compromising the rights of the individuals in case it is used correctly because it has more good than harm. First, anonymous online communication actually protects the rights of individuals. It has greatly helped investigative journalists who frequently use it when investigating new stories. Such people have been able to gather information that they wouldn’t have reached had they used direct

Xunzi Human Nature Essay Example for Free

Xunzi Human Nature Essay Introduction Xunzi (Xun Qing, or Xun Kuang: c. 310-c. 219 BCE) lived at the very end of the Zhou dynasty. Like Mencius, he was an advocate and interpreter of the teachings of Confucius. Living a generation after Mencius, Xunzi lived through the final, brutal wars which ended with the state of Qin absorbing and unifying all the Chinese feudal states. Xunzi was a widely traveled scholar, teacher, and official. Document Excerpts with Questions (Longer selection follows this section) From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed. , vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 179-183.  © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. Selection? from? the? Xunzi:? â€Å"Human? Nature? Is? Evil†? ? Human? nature? is? evil:? its? goodness? derives? from? conscious? activity.? Now? it? is? human? nature? to? be? born? with? a? fondness? for? profit.? Indulging? this? leads? to? contention? and? strife,? and? the? sense? of? modesty? and? yielding? with? which? one? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? feelings? of? envy? and? hate,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one?is? led? into? banditry? and? theft,? so? that? the? sense? of? loyalty? and? good? faith? with? which? he? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? the? desires? of? the? ears? and? eyes? and? with? a? fondness? for? beautiful? sights? and? sounds,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? into? licentiousness? and? chaos,? so? that? the? sense? of? ritual,? rightness,? refinement,? and? principle? with? which? one? was? born? is? lost.? Hence,? following? human? nature? and? indulging? human? emotions? will? inevitably? lead? to? contention? and? strife,? causing? o the? example? of? a? teacher? and? guided? by? the? way? of? ritual? and? rightness? before? one? will? attain? modesty? and? yielding,? accord with? refinement? and? ritual,? and? return? to? order.? †¦? ? †¦? A? questioner? asks:? If? human? nature? is? evil,? then? where? do? ritual? and? rightness? come? from I? reply:? ritual? and? rightness? are? always? created? by? the? conscious? activity? of? the? sages;? essentially? they? are? not? created? by? human? nature.? †¦? ? If? human? nature? were? good,? we? could? dispense? with? the? sage? kings? and? desist? from? the? practice? of? ritual? and? rightness.? Since? human? nature? is? evil,? we? must? elevate? the? sages? and? esteem? ritual? and? rightness.? ? Primary Source Document, with Questions (DBQs) on SELECTION FROM THE XUNZI: â€Å"HUMAN NATURE IS EVIL† Questions: 1. How does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature compare to your own? 2. How does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature compare to that of Mencius? Which do you prefer, and why? 3. Why might the two men, from the same background, both self-appointed interpreters of Confucius, and only one generation apart, come up with their respective understandings of human nature? 4. What implications does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature have for family life and government? Longer Selection From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed. , vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 179-183.  © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. Selection? from? the? Xunzi:? â€Å"Human? Nature? Is? Evil†? ? Human? nature? is? evil;? its? good? derives? from? conscious? activity.? Now? it? is? human? nature? to? be? born? with? a? fondness?for? profit.? Indulging? this? leads? to? contention? and? strife,? and? the? sense? of? modesty? and? yielding? with? which? one? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? feelings? of? envy? and? hate,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? into? banditry? and? theft,? so? that? the? sense? of? loyalty? and? good? faith? with? which? he? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? the? desires? of? the? ears? and? eyes? and? with? a? fondness? for? beautiful? sights? and? sounds,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? to? licentiousness? and? chaos,? so? that? the? sense? of? ritual,? rightness,? refinement,? and? principle? with? which? one? was? born? is? lost.? Hence,? following? human? nature? and? indulging? human? emotions? will? inevitably? lead? to? contention? and? strife,? causing? one? to? rebel? against? one’s? proper? duty,? reduce? principle? to? chaos,? and? revert? to? violence.? Therefore? one? must? be? transformed? by? the? example? of? a? teacher? and? guided? by? the? way? of? ritual? and? rightness? before? one? will? attain? modesty? and? yielding,? accord? with? refinement? and? ritual,?and? return? to? order.? From? this? perspective? it? is? apparent? that? human? nature? is? evil? and? that? its? goodness? is? the? result? of? conscious? activity.? ? Thus? warped? wood? must? be? laid? against? a? straightening? board,? steamed,? and? bent? into? shape? before? it? can? become? straight;? blunt? metal? must? be? ground? on? a? whetstone? before? it? can? become? sharp.? And? in? that? human? nature? is? evil,? it? must? wait? for? the? example? of? a? teacher? before? it? can? become? upright,? and? for? ritual? and? rightness? before? it? can? become? orderly.? Now,? if? people? lack? the? example? of? teachers? they? will? be? partial? and? narrow? rather? than? upright;? if? they? lack? ritual? and? rightness? they? will? be? rebellious? and? chaotic? rather? than? orderly.? In? ancient? times? the? sage? kings,? recognizing? that? the? nature? of? human? beings? is? evil that? they? incline? toward? evil? and? are? not? upright,? that? they? are? disposed? toward? chaos? and? are? not? orderly? created? ritual? and? Asia for Educators | Columbia University | http://afe. easia. columbia. eduÃ'Ž

Librarians Essay -- Library Science

Meeting the needs of the students calls for changes on the part of the librarian. Librarians are trained to help students become 21st century learners by not only finding information effectively and efficiently, but also being able to apply that knowledge in different learning environments. In fact, Abram (2003) declares that librarians must â€Å"†¦predict content that students and other users want before they know that it exists or even that they need it† (p. 6). They must have knowledge of different types of resources, technology, and developments in the field of literacy information. They are obligated to help students locate and organize information. As Carey (1998) put it, librarians in the schools should be teaching children to think rather than memorize and repeat, and students’ thinking skills should transfer to the real world so that they become independent, productive members of adult society. Collections must be modernized and assessed on a regular basi s in order to best serve the students, and librarians must also commit to learning and using these services in order to sustain the library for the next generation of users. Because today’s 21st century students are inundated with an ever-changing backdrop of information and technology, librarians must be able to not only meet their needs, but also propel them into a world of inquiry and learning. Today’s student must exemplify critical thinking and problem solving skills in order to research successfully. Librarians must keep up with the pace of ever-changing technology and teach students how to search efficiently for effective results. They must utilize available technology, but provide depth and breadth, not just surface-level services. Abram (2003) asserts that libraria... ...vises the instructional librarian to â€Å"evaluate home library holdings against these lists, looking for existing coverage as well as gaps in coverage† (p. 221). Because budget is of grave concern to any instructional librarian, any inventory matching the â€Å"collection† list should be documented so that funds are not spent acquiring duplicate media. Any items needed by teachers and/or students but not currently available should be part of the ordering process, if budget allows. So, how does the student benefit from the instructional librarian’s quest to become a curriculum â€Å"know-it-all?† Todd (2002) finds that â€Å"improvements are shown in student learning outcomes, particularly state test scores, when it can be demonstrated that the school library has a carefully articulated instructional focus that fosters the development of †¦ new understandings and insights† (p. 3).